Letting “more big fish sink” doesn’t have the touted carbon benefits. Here’s the math.
Gordon Holtgrieve
December 3, 2020
A new paper in Science Advances, Marianai et al. 2020, makes their position clear right in the title – letting more big [pelagic] fish die naturally and sink to the bottom of the sea will benefit society by sequestering carbon in the deep ocean. It’s a tantalizing idea, but simplistic in its science and missing critical context. In reality, fishing large pelagic species for food has had a trivial effect on the global carbon cycle and is highly carbon-efficient relative to alternatives.
Marianai et al. calculate that fishing of large pelagic species from the global oceans has had a total carbon cost of 187.1 megatons of carbon (Mt C) from 1950 – 2014, which averages to 2.9 Mt C per year. Sounds big, but these are small numbers in a global context. For example, global anthropogenic carbon emissions from fossil fuels and land use change from 1980 through 2009 were, on average, 7766 Mt C per year, over 2,600 times higher than the total carbon cost of the fish (Bruhwiler et al. 2018). A more apples to apples comparison might be between fishing pelagic fish and other protein sources such as beef. Enteric fermentation emissions from beef (which is only part of the total carbon cost) produced in the United States alone have average annual emissions of 121.3 Mt C y-1 (US EPA 2018). Compare that to total emission of 2.9 Mt C y-1 from fishing large fish globally. Emission rates that small are just not very meaningful at the global scale.
That’s the carbon sources side. What about comparing the lost carbon sink to other carbon sinks? Fishing large pelagic species has prevented the sequestration of a total of 21.8 Mt C from 1950 through 2014 that otherwise would have occurred through the sinking of fish bodies into the deep sea. That is an average annual rate of 0.34 Mt C y-1. This is just 1/5,578th of the net oceanic sink (0.0002 %; Bruhwiler et al. 2018) and, as the authors themselves point out, just 0.26% of the carbon sequestered in mangroves and seagrasses globally. Again, trivial at the global scale.
Of course, one could argue that “every little bit helps,” but at what cost? The species in this study are primarily caught for human consumption and protein substitution is inevitable if these fish were to leave the dinner table. The U.S. alone produces on average 11.8 Mt of beef (2000 – 2014, USDA). Thus, conservatively, there is 10.3 Mt C emitted for every Mt of beef produced. Compare that to 2.9 Mt C y-1 for 5.0 Mt of large fish produced annually, or just 0.6 Mt C per Mt of fish. There is an enormous carbon benefit to eating wild fish over other common meats, especially beef.
All of the above takes the Marianai et al. numbers at face-value. However, their minimal consideration of the food web effects of fishing is simplistic, and excluding these effects likely leads to an overestimate of the foregone blue carbon sink from fishing these predators. This is mostly because of the classic “Eltonian Pyramid,” which describes how only a small fraction (~10%) of the energy at each trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level.
The sun’s energy is used by phytoplankton to “fix” (i.e., reduce) CO2 into organic carbon. With each trophic transfer up the pyramid, approximately 90% of the organic carbon is respired (i.e., oxidized) back to CO2 with the energy stored in the chemical bonds released as heat. 10% of the organic carbon remains as biomass of the consumer, which can either be transferred up to the next higher trophic level or recycled back to CO2 by decomposers. If decomposition occurs within the deep ocean, this can be a long-term (10s to 100s of years) sink for CO2 that keeps it out of the atmosphere. | Swiggity.Swag.YOLO.Bro, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Results of ecosystem models suggest fishing has led to an increase in forage fish biomass (Christensen et al. 2014). Letting all those forage fish get eaten, with ~90% of the C in their bodies being remineralized to CO2 by the predator, is inefficient from a carbon perspective (note that carbon is proportional to energy in food webs.). Even if a smaller fraction of the forage fish makes its way to the deep ocean than larger fish, there is likely still a net benefit because of efficiencies with maintaining biomass at low trophic levels.
There is one point where the authors and I agree – overfishing is inefficient from a carbon perspective. It is also inefficient from a food perspective, and society will be well-served by implementing policies to maintain maximum sustainable yield.
Gordon Holtgrieve
Dr. Gordon Holtgrieve is an ecologist interested in understanding how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems function and are connected. His work considers how the physical, chemical, and biological properties of ecosystems interact to support the resources that society depends on.
Letting “more big fish sink” doesn’t have the touted carbon benefits. Here’s the math.
A new paper in Science Advances, Marianai et al. 2020, makes their position clear right in the title – letting more big [pelagic] fish die naturally and sink to the bottom of the sea will benefit society by sequestering carbon in the deep ocean. It’s a tantalizing idea, but simplistic in its science and missing critical context. In reality, fishing large pelagic species for food has had a trivial effect on the global carbon cycle and is highly carbon-efficient relative to alternatives.
Marianai et al. calculate that fishing of large pelagic species from the global oceans has had a total carbon cost of 187.1 megatons of carbon (Mt C) from 1950 – 2014, which averages to 2.9 Mt C per year. Sounds big, but these are small numbers in a global context. For example, global anthropogenic carbon emissions from fossil fuels and land use change from 1980 through 2009 were, on average, 7766 Mt C per year, over 2,600 times higher than the total carbon cost of the fish (Bruhwiler et al. 2018). A more apples to apples comparison might be between fishing pelagic fish and other protein sources such as beef. Enteric fermentation emissions from beef (which is only part of the total carbon cost) produced in the United States alone have average annual emissions of 121.3 Mt C y-1 (US EPA 2018). Compare that to total emission of 2.9 Mt C y-1 from fishing large fish globally. Emission rates that small are just not very meaningful at the global scale.
That’s the carbon sources side. What about comparing the lost carbon sink to other carbon sinks? Fishing large pelagic species has prevented the sequestration of a total of 21.8 Mt C from 1950 through 2014 that otherwise would have occurred through the sinking of fish bodies into the deep sea. That is an average annual rate of 0.34 Mt C y-1. This is just 1/5,578th of the net oceanic sink (0.0002 %; Bruhwiler et al. 2018) and, as the authors themselves point out, just 0.26% of the carbon sequestered in mangroves and seagrasses globally. Again, trivial at the global scale.
Of course, one could argue that “every little bit helps,” but at what cost? The species in this study are primarily caught for human consumption and protein substitution is inevitable if these fish were to leave the dinner table. The U.S. alone produces on average 11.8 Mt of beef (2000 – 2014, USDA). Thus, conservatively, there is 10.3 Mt C emitted for every Mt of beef produced. Compare that to 2.9 Mt C y-1 for 5.0 Mt of large fish produced annually, or just 0.6 Mt C per Mt of fish. There is an enormous carbon benefit to eating wild fish over other common meats, especially beef.
All of the above takes the Marianai et al. numbers at face-value. However, their minimal consideration of the food web effects of fishing is simplistic, and excluding these effects likely leads to an overestimate of the foregone blue carbon sink from fishing these predators. This is mostly because of the classic “Eltonian Pyramid,” which describes how only a small fraction (~10%) of the energy at each trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level.
Results of ecosystem models suggest fishing has led to an increase in forage fish biomass (Christensen et al. 2014). Letting all those forage fish get eaten, with ~90% of the C in their bodies being remineralized to CO2 by the predator, is inefficient from a carbon perspective (note that carbon is proportional to energy in food webs.). Even if a smaller fraction of the forage fish makes its way to the deep ocean than larger fish, there is likely still a net benefit because of efficiencies with maintaining biomass at low trophic levels.
There is one point where the authors and I agree – overfishing is inefficient from a carbon perspective. It is also inefficient from a food perspective, and society will be well-served by implementing policies to maintain maximum sustainable yield.
Gordon Holtgrieve
Dr. Gordon Holtgrieve is an ecologist interested in understanding how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems function and are connected. His work considers how the physical, chemical, and biological properties of ecosystems interact to support the resources that society depends on.
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Is ropeless fishing gear a whale-safe solution for American Lobster?
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New review shows bottom trawling is sustainable (when well-managed)
Seafood from bottom trawling can have a lower impact than other types of animal protein–especially when it comes from a well-managed fishery.
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