The data that policymakers use to make decisions about ocean conservation needs to be clarified. The default management goal in fisheries is often “fully-exploited” fisheries, meaning fish populations are fished at a sustainable rate while producing the maximum amount of food over the long term.
Yet the term, “fully-exploited” often carries a negative connotation in the minds of journalists, politicians, and everyday people.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN’s) Red List of Threatened Species is easier to interpret. It assesses the conservation status of animals, plants, and fungi and its assessments are widely known, e.g., included in Wikipedia entries:
On the IUCN’s Red List, species’ conservation status can be (from left to right above) extinct, extinct in the wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, or of least concern.
The IUCN Red List provides a conservation snapshot, but assessments are infrequent and can quickly become outdated. In the last few years, scientists have developed a Red List Index (RLI) for some species that captures trends in extinction risk over time.
A paper published last month in Science reports an RLI for several species of oceanic tuna, billfish, and sharks, but the authors took an additional step forward and developed a Continuous Red List Index that gives policy-makers real-time information on conservation status. Further, they calculated how adjusting fishing pressure changes the RLI conservation status of different species, so regulators know how fishery management decisions will impact the conservation status of ecologically and economically valuable sharks, tunas and billfishes.
Status of tunas, billfishes, and sharks
Researchers found that tuna and billfish follow the general trend of global fisheries over the past 70 years: increasing fishing pressure from the 1950s through the 1970s, overfishing through the 1980s and 1990s, and then recovery and stability over the last few decades thanks to fishery management regulations enacted and enforced in the 1990s and early 2000s. Sharks have not been as well-managed and continue to show lower conservation status.
Figure 1A from Juan-Jordá et al. 2022 below shows how the global population-level RLI (A in the figure above) closely tracks changes in fishing mortality for 52 oceanic tuna, billfish and shark populations over the last 70 years. This is important as it provides decision-makers with a linked set of pressure-state indicators for tracking the health of oceanic biodiversity, according to the researchers. You can see how fisheries management measures enacted in the 1990s/early 2000s led to recovery and ecological improvements.
Status in a global context
Juan-Jordá et al. 2022 compare their RLI for tuna, billfishes, and some sharks (in dark blue below) to the other available RLI.
Tunas and billfishes are the only major taxa to show improvement: effective fisheries management has been proven to work over the past 20 to 30 years. Unfortunately, several species of sharks and rays are located in developing areas that cannot effectively manage and monitor their fisheries. Building management capacity in those regions is a vital conservation priority, as the majority of managed fisheries are healthy or recovering.
Many sharks also suffer from inadequate bycatch (accidental catch) regulations. The authors highlight shark bycatch as an area in which nearly all fishery management programs can improve. A paper published earlier this year shows how dynamic fishery management can significantly improve bycatch rates in several species, including several tuna and billfish.
Still, Juan-Jordá et al. shows how effective fisheries conservation has been compared to nearly every other type. Many terrestrial species have declined due to habitat loss from conflict with humanity’s need for space. In contrast, the most significant biodiversity threats in the ocean are carbon-related: climate change and ocean acidification are, by far, the most significant threats to coral reefs.
More mobile ocean animals are moving toward the poles in search of cooler water creating new conflicts that threaten species. There is still work to be done to conserve sharks, but the science is known—it’s just a matter of implementing effective fisheries management.
Max Mossler
Max is the managing editor at Sustainable Fisheries UW.
